Thus, we may expect at least 700 publications by the end of 2013 indicating unbowed research activity, and thus funding. We performed a coarse search in Pubmed and PsychInfo with the terms BCI OR brain computer interfacefor 2011 through Sept 12 and received 461 hits. Since the early nineties, when only few articles on brain-computer interfacing were available, publication activity has increased almost exponentially. Already in those days Vidal answered the question with a clear Yesand time has proved him right. Vidal posed the question whether “electrical brain signals” can “be put to work as carriers of information in man-computer communication or for the purpose of controlling such external apparatus as prosthetic devices…?“ (p. We will end the chapter with summarizing the requirements for improvement and reasons for cautious optimism that the BCI community will be successful in providing end-users in need with reliable and independent BCI controlled applications. More specifically, we will introduce the optimized communication interface, the face speller, and remotely supervised BCI controlled brain painting with a locked-in patient in the field. Those results led us to develop novel BCI components which we then tested with healthy and severely ill end-users. Then we will describe the user-centered design and report first results of studies that adopted this approach for evaluating BCI applications. ![]() In this chapter we will first define the needs and the gaps for bringing BCI to end-users and explain the model of BCI control which guides our interventions. ![]() The user centred approach appears suitable to foster such studies. Further, long-term studies with users in the field are required to improve reliability of BCI control. There is a great need for translational studies that test BCI at home with the target population. Although BCIs are also developed for entertainment and thus potentially for healthy users, the main focus for BCI applications that are aiming at communication and control are people with severe motor impairment. While a great deal of experimentation was dedicated to offline analysis for improving signal detection and translation, online studies with the target population are less common. In the past 20 years research on BCI has been increasing almost exponentially.
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